Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol Integrated with PUFs for Secure Vehicular Communication
摘要
Traditional keyless entry systems and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) rely heavily on centralized infrastructure, static cryptographic keys, and fingerprint-based systems with data stored in fog servers and fuzzy extractors. These methods are susceptible to various attacks, including replay, RollJam, Error Correction Code (ECCs) decoder fault injection, and side-channel attacks. This paper proposes a secure protocol leveraging physical unclonable functions (PUFs) and blockchain to address these issues and enhance the security of keyless entry remotes in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and VANETs. The first step, a Keyless Entry System (KES) with PUF-based mutual authentication, addresses replay and RollJam attack vulnerabilities by generating unique secret keys and ensuring secure verification during vehicle access. The second step, facilitates lightweight Electric Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (EV2I) and Electric Vehicle-to-Electric Vehicle (EV2EV) authentication, offering verifiable broadcasts without reliance on traditional infrastructure and demonstrating resilience against Roadside Unit (RSU) capture attacks. The security analysis validates that the proposed protocol enhances the security of keyless entry and VANET systems, protects Onboard Unit (OBU) data, and significantly improves communication efficiency in EV networks.