This chapter explores the philosophical foundations of communal ethical life and shared social reality, tracing a path from Hegel’s concept of Sittlichkeit to phenomenological accounts of intersubjective existence. It further examines Edmund Husserl’s Lebenswelt as the pre-reflective, culturally constituted horizon of meanings, beliefs, and norms that enables empathy, self-awareness, and evaluative action within a shared homeworld. The discussion then turns to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s form of life, portraying meaning in language and action as embedded in conventional practices and language games. Both of these authors viewed the prerequisites of human interaction as inherently social and normative. Finally, Alfred Schütz’s phenomenology of social knowledge is analysed, highlighting the distribution of knowledge in modern societies through ideal mental frameworks (that of the expert, the man on the street, and the well-informed citizen) and emphasizing socially derived and approved knowledge. Schütz’s reflections on music as a non-conceptual form of intersubjective communication further illuminate prelinguistic attunement and shared norms underlying civility. Together, these thinkers reveal culture as the upstream foundation of political life, where civility emerges as embodied and intersubjective.

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Individual and Community I.: Philosophical Aspects

  • Ferenc Hörcher

摘要

This chapter explores the philosophical foundations of communal ethical life and shared social reality, tracing a path from Hegel’s concept of Sittlichkeit to phenomenological accounts of intersubjective existence. It further examines Edmund Husserl’s Lebenswelt as the pre-reflective, culturally constituted horizon of meanings, beliefs, and norms that enables empathy, self-awareness, and evaluative action within a shared homeworld. The discussion then turns to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s form of life, portraying meaning in language and action as embedded in conventional practices and language games. Both of these authors viewed the prerequisites of human interaction as inherently social and normative. Finally, Alfred Schütz’s phenomenology of social knowledge is analysed, highlighting the distribution of knowledge in modern societies through ideal mental frameworks (that of the expert, the man on the street, and the well-informed citizen) and emphasizing socially derived and approved knowledge. Schütz’s reflections on music as a non-conceptual form of intersubjective communication further illuminate prelinguistic attunement and shared norms underlying civility. Together, these thinkers reveal culture as the upstream foundation of political life, where civility emerges as embodied and intersubjective.