Introduction
摘要
Inose et al. laid the foundation for the Delta-Sigma (DS) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with their paper “A Telemetering System by Code Modulation— \(\Delta \) - \(\Sigma \) Modulation” in 1962 [1]. It was the first time that the name and principle of DS modulation was proposed as an extension of the then existing \(\Delta \) modulation for telemetering systems. Although the later breakthrough of DS modulation was largely based on switched-capacitor (SC) implementations in integrated circuits (ICs), this first discrete system consisted of a continuous-time integrator with current mode input together with a Schmitt trigger as quantizer. This setup could achieve a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of up to 35 dB in a signal bandwidth of about 5 kHz. Since then, DS ADCs have received a lot of attention and have become one of the fundamental ADC architectures [2–5]. Initially, DS ADCs were widely used in applications requiring high relative accuracy, such as low-bandwidth audio processing [6], their continuous-time (CT) implementation allowed ever-higher bandwidths, mainly driven by RF CMOS and wireless transceivers. Today’s DS ADCs achieve several hundred MHz of bandwidth [7, 8].