Ten core challenges frame the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Restoring society’s relationship with the Ocean (Challenge 10) is foundational to bridging science and policy with society. Although an ever-pressing “challenge,” it is also a once-in-a-generation opportunity to galvanize existing knowledge, resources, and practices toward a common goal: safeguarding the Ocean and all life that depends on it. This chapter discusses the importance of Ocean Literacy research as a driving force behind this transformative endeavour to foster an Ocean-connected society. Beginning with an overview of Ocean Literacy’s growing recognition as a societal outcome indicative of greater understanding, value, and care for the Ocean, this chapter positions the concept’s increasing uptake within Ocean research, governance, and communications discourse. Next, the chapter discusses the co-development of an Ocean Literacy research definition, a community of practice, and a research agenda resulting in four initial priorities: measuring Ocean Literacy and impact; the intersection of Ocean Literacy and climate action; linkages between Ocean Literacy and the blue economy; and promoting Ocean Literacy as a policy mechanism. Ensuring equitable, diverse, and inclusive paths forward is a cross-cutting theme for all. Case studies advancing these priority areas are shared, and ideas to further the priority areas through increased engagement and transdisciplinary collaboration across associated and complementary fields are discussed.