The growing demand for sustainable and resilient infrastructure has intensified research on materials that can endure environmental stresses while ensuring structural integrity. This study explores titanium dioxide (TiO₂) modified epoxy resins as an alternative adhesive for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems used in construction. Epoxy resins, essential in bonding CFRP to concrete substrates, often experience performance degradation when temperatures exceed their glass transition temperature (Tg). Incorporating TiO₂ enhances thermal conductivity, potentially improving heat dissipation and elevating Tg. Using numerical simulations, this research examines thermal flow in CFRP-strengthened concrete exposed to solar radiation. A three-layer composite system—concrete, epoxy adhesive, and CFRP—was modeled under realistic environmental conditions. Results indicate that adding 17.1% TiO₂ to epoxy resins slightly reduces temperature differences between the adhesive and concrete but does not significantly impact heat transfer or thermal stresses. While these findings highlight the limitations of TiO₂ in modifying thermal behavior at low concentrations, prior studies suggest its potential for enhancing other epoxy properties, such as UV resistance and aging. This work underscores the importance of optimizing TiO₂ concentrations and adhesive thickness to achieve meaningful thermal improvements.