Advances in quantum computingQuantum computing pose a serious threat to classical public-key cryptographic schemes, particularly those based on the hardness of factoring and discrete logarithms. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) aims to develop algorithms that remain secure even in the presence of quantum-capable adversaries. This chapter focuses on lattice-based cryptographyLattice-based cryptography, with particular emphasis on theModule-lattice Module-Lattice-based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM) and the Module-LatticeModule-lattice-based Digital SignatureDigital signatures Algorithm (ML-DSA)—two schemes recently standardized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We examine the mathematical foundations of these constructions, their role in the standardization process, and key considerations related to their performance and implementation.