This study investigates the toxicity of tannery effluents on plants and the adaptability of various plant species to stress conditions induced by wastewater exposure. The research evaluates the impact of effluent toxicity using different plant species, including Trifolium pratense, Arundo donax, and Sarcocornia fruticosa, under controlled laboratory conditions. Toxicity tests showed that Trifolium pratense experienced significant growth inhibition at high effluent concentrations, with a 50% reduction in seed germination at 50% wastewater concentration. In contrast, Arundo donax exhibited greater resilience to wastewater toxicity compared to Sarcocornia fruticosa, which was more sensitive to the effluent, showing signs of necrosis, chlorosis, and malformed growth. A comprehensive physicochemical analysis of the effluents revealed high concentrations of heavy metals, notably chromium (592.2 mg/L), alongside other pollutants such as nickel, iron, and cadmium. Factor analysis (FA) further highlighted chromium as the most prevalent contaminant among the metals. Additionally, microbial analysis indicated significant bacterial activity in the wastewater, suggesting its role in the natural treatment process. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the adaptability of plant species to contaminated environments and highlight the potential of using plants for bioremediation in tannery effluent treatment. The findings underscore the importance of selecting resilient plant species for ecological wastewater management systems, contributing to the sustainable treatment of industrial effluents.