The interaction between Azospirillum and plant roots is complex, involving bacterial-derived molecules whose precise functions remain largely unknown. However, the role of some of these molecules in establishing root associations and stimulating biochemical responses in plant-root cells is gradually being uncovered. Bacterial molecules involved in root interaction include structural components of the outer membrane and flagellum, such as lipopolysaccharides, lectins, and flagellin, as well as excreted compounds like exopolysaccharides. These molecules actively promote plant growth and elicit defense responses. Current research suggests that these bacterial molecules, together with phytohormones, work synergistically to enhance the biological activity of Azospirillum in plants. Future studies will be essential to elucidate the specific contributions of each component to the beneficial effects of the rhizobacteria on plant health and development.