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Ashtamudi Lake, a tropical backwater located on the southwest coast of India, is connected to the Arabian Sea and experiences significant spatiotemporal variations in Lake Water Salinity (LWS). This study leverages Sentinel-2A MSI imagery to examine LWS variability in Ashtamudi Lake over eight months, covering both monsoon and non-monsoon seasons from 2018 to 2019. An empirical algorithm was developed to estimate LWS (PSU) from Sentinel-2A MSI bands. The results show that LWS ranges from 6.68 to 25.09 PSU during the monsoon, rising to 7.75–29.98 PSU in the non-monsoon season. LWS peaks at 29.98 PSU in February at the lake's mouth, driven by saline seawater inflow and tidal mixing. Monsoon freshwater inputs from river discharge and precipitation notably lower Lake Water Salinity (LWS) in nearshore and inland areas. Cross-validation with in situ data reveals a strong correlation, with a linear regression (R2) value of 0.994 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.448, demonstrating the high accuracy of LWS estimates derived from Sentinel-2A MSI images.

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Estimation of Ashtamudi Lake Water Salinity and Its Spatiotemporal Variability Using Time-Series Sentinel-2A MSI Data and Remote Sensing Indices

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • S. Kaliraj,
  • P. S. Fathimathu Sahala

摘要

Ashtamudi Lake, a tropical backwater located on the southwest coast of India, is connected to the Arabian Sea and experiences significant spatiotemporal variations in Lake Water Salinity (LWS). This study leverages Sentinel-2A MSI imagery to examine LWS variability in Ashtamudi Lake over eight months, covering both monsoon and non-monsoon seasons from 2018 to 2019. An empirical algorithm was developed to estimate LWS (PSU) from Sentinel-2A MSI bands. The results show that LWS ranges from 6.68 to 25.09 PSU during the monsoon, rising to 7.75–29.98 PSU in the non-monsoon season. LWS peaks at 29.98 PSU in February at the lake's mouth, driven by saline seawater inflow and tidal mixing. Monsoon freshwater inputs from river discharge and precipitation notably lower Lake Water Salinity (LWS) in nearshore and inland areas. Cross-validation with in situ data reveals a strong correlation, with a linear regression (R2) value of 0.994 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.448, demonstrating the high accuracy of LWS estimates derived from Sentinel-2A MSI images.