This chapter explains how biodiversity and the bioeconomy are interrelated and how the bioeconomy depends on healthy and intact biodiversity. It does so by briefly defining biodiversity and describing the main metrics used to measure it. The links between biodiversity and the bioeconomy are then explored by examining the direct drivers of biodiversity loss, and in the context of the ecosystem services framework. This allows the possible synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and the bioeconomy to be described and understood. Finally, it highlights the role of policies and technologies in promoting a sustainable bioeconomy that also benefits biodiversity.