The transition to a sustainable bioeconomy entails the transformation of production towards the creation of environmental, social and economic value. Production activities in economic sectors are framed in value chains, in which value is generated through a sequence of processes for delivering goods to consumers. In the context of the bioeconomy, production systems utilise biomass as the main renewable raw material, convert it through a variety of technological options and deliver bio-based products and services. Through these value-adding activities, economic value is generated. Aiming to shape multi-functional production systems, bio-based value chains and webs should have a positive impact on the environment and society. In this chapter, the concepts of bio-based value chain and web are introduced as integrative frameworks to link biomass supply, processing, products and markets. By means of examples of emerging bio-based value chains and webs, key characteristics of these systems will be explained. This chapter emphasises that bio-based value chains and webs require both technical and organisational as well as governance dimensions for their sustainable development and performance.