The term “bioeconomy” is ethically demanding, but at the same time dazzling, ambiguous and open to interpretation. If it is not to become an ethically ambivalent or even totalitarian paradigm, certain conditions for its interpretation and implementation must be met. For example, it is only responsible if the various dimensions of nature’s value are protected by appropriate standards and strategies, if it is strictly aligned with the guiding principle of sustainability, if it takes planetary boundaries into account, and if it keeps an eye on the ambivalences of the green growth promises. This chapter describes how a responsible bioeconomy avoids a one-sided focus on (linear) maximisation and pays more attention to systemic interactions as well as the goals of waste prevention and circularity. It incorporates socio-economic and environmental issues such as the protection of and fair access to soil, water, seeds, and regional food markets into its hunger reduction strategies. The bioeconomy must be underpinned by the concept of “responsible innovation”, which includes technical solutions as well as socio-cultural, environmental and regulatory aspects. As a knowledge-based concept focused on innovative research and development, a responsible bioeconomy can develop the dynamic side of sustainability.