Biomass can be converted into various forms of bioenergy using thermal, chemical or biological processes. This chapter provides an overview of the main bioenergy pathways: combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and transesterification. These result in heat and power generation or biofuels. All types of biomass can be used to produce bioenergy, but they require different processing pathways. From an ethical point of view, non-edible, mostly lignocellulosic or residual/waste biomass should be the preferred feedstock. Bioenergy production can also be integrated into biorefinery processes.