Occupational injuries remain prevalent in the Nigerian construction industry, highlighting a critical need for effective safety training strategies. Despite existing efforts, safety programs often fail to yield significant improvements due to contextual challenges and stakeholder misalignment. This study addresses a key research gap by examining the effectiveness of construction safety training in Nigeria through the lens of both managers and site workers. Adopting a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 58 respondents across five construction firms using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and regression modelling to identify relationships between training practices and safety outcomes. Findings indicate that although safety training is broadly recognized as essential, its effectiveness is hindered by financial limitations, compressed project timelines, language barriers, and resistance to change. Furthermore, current training methods are largely theoretical and disconnected from real-life site hazards. The study concludes that practical, hands-on approaches such as simulations and scenario-based learning combined with culturally and linguistically inclusive content, are more likely to improve safety outcomes. The implications of the findings call for targeted investment, stakeholder collaboration, and policy reforms to foster a stronger safety culture and more effective training systems tailored to Nigeria’s construction environment.