Quality residential buildings are a vital research area, impacting residents' quality of life through housing habitability. There is a lack of a systematic approach to evaluate habitability of residential building, particularly in regions like Lekki Scheme 1, Lekki Peninsula, Lagos state. The aim is to investigate the habitability of residential buildings in Lekki Scheme 1, Lekki Peninsula, Lagos state with a focus on enhancing environmental planning and design. Livability and quality of life theory underpinned the study. The methodology adopted a quantitative approach, using structured questionnaires to collect data from 391 residents in Lekki Scheme 1 yielding a high response rate of 84.1%. The sample size was determined using Taro Yamane's formula. Data was analysed using SPSS and principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation to identify key factors of residential building habitability. The result revealed infrastructure and facilities, building structure and amenities, sanitation and utilities and interior finishes are the key components influencing the habitability of residential buildings in Lekki Scheme 1 estate. However, residents expressed concerns on defective infrastructure and facilities, suboptimal building ceilings, roofs and wall finishing, poor sanitation and inadequate utilities and interior finishes. In conclusion, the study highlights the critical role of infrastructure, building structure, amenities, sanitation, utilities, and interior finishes in enhancing the habitability of residential buildings in Lekki Scheme 1, Lekki Peninsula. It is recommended that rigorous regular maintenance of essential building components should be prioritised and that building control agencies at state and local levels collaborate to ensure strict adherence to minimum habitability standards for residential buildings.