Vietnam stands on the cusp of a significantTaiwan demographic window of opportunity that could shape its economic and social landscape over the next two decades. The “golden” period, during which the working-age population is twice as large as the dependent population offers Vietnam a unique chance to accelerate economic growth. Continuing with past economic policies is likely to result in stagnant per capita income by 2050, keeping Vietnam within the upper-middle-income bracket, much like Argentina and Brazil over the past century. Under a reform scenario, where policies are designed and implemented to stimulate domestic industries, absorb higher technological progress, and drive increased productivity growth, Vietnam could achieve upper-middle-income status by 2026 and high-income status by 2047.