This chapter offers the context and establishes a setting for the discussion of this book. Notably, the author felt compelled to write a thorough analysis of the African human rights framework and Mauritius’ involvement with it. This is driven by the lack of research and literature on the topic, which hampers scholars, researchers, lawyers, legislators, judges, and anyone who aspires to work with this human rights framework. The necessity of this study is justified by the fact that the African human rights system is extremely important and relevant to Mauritius. This chapter provides for a historical, political, and socio-economic background of Mauritius before embarking on establishing the connection between Mauritius and the Organisation of African Unity as well as its successor, the African Union. It then paints a picture of the salient features of the African human rights architecture as a background against which the subsequent chapters would be developed.