Currently, the study of agroecologyRural landscape sustainabilityAgroecology does not include a significant discussion of rural developmentRural development which is closely linked with agri-food systems. This chapter addresses the principally agriculture-based natural and social landscapes in rural areas. Agroecology, defined as a science of the whole food system would benefit from the incorporation of ecologyEcology of rural landscapes to address the complexity of the rural ecosystemsEcosystem in a better way in which agriculture is the dominant human intervention. In developing countries, there is a comparatively strong dichotomy of life experience between rural and urban landscapes. The intent of including rural ecologyRural ecology in the larger discipline of agroecology is to provide models and approaches that can guide a process of rebuilding rural ecosystems.