Water pollution has emerged as a significant environmental concern due to the increasing expansion of industrial and agricultural activities. This issue has led to the contamination of water bodies with various toxic substances, including pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds. These pollutants often enter the food chain even at trace concentrations. However, conventional wastewater treatment methods are generally ineffective in eliminating such environmental contaminants. In recent decades, the rapid advancement of nanotechnology has had a profound impact on various fields of knowledge. Nanoscience and nanotechnology have created new opportunities for environmental remediation strategies, particularly in the treatment of contaminated effluents. Among the various nanomaterials, carbon-based ones—such as graphene—have become model systems for studying properties at the nanoscale, including a high surface area for adsorption, tunable surface chemistry, and unique electronic transport characteristics. However, pristine carbon nanomaterials are typically highly hydrophobic, which limits their applicability in aqueous environments. One promising solution involves chemical modification through surface functionalization, which significantly enhances their ability to remove pollutants from water. This chapter presents selected examples that highlight the potential of graphene, whether pristine or functionalized, to adsorb pollutants, including hormones, through physical or chemical interaction.