Ensuring the provision of clean and affordable water to fulfill human sustenance is recognized as one of the paramount challenges of the twenty-first century. The global water supply is increasingly incapable of meeting the rapidly escalating demand, exacerbated by factors such as population growth, climate change, and deterioration in water quality. The advancement of technological innovations in integrated water management is of paramount importance. Nanotechnology emerges as a highly promising approach to augment water and wastewater treatment processes, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy and facilitating the monitoring of water quality sources. This chapter aims to elucidate recent advancements in nanotechnology, with a specific emphasis on carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) for the monitoring and treatment of water and wastewater. In this introductory chapter, we transition from foundational concepts of adsorption to an examination of promising applications of CBNs. The chapter culminates with a discussion regarding the initial limitations, ongoing challenges, and potential opportunities associated with the application of CBNs for environmental remediation concerning water quality.