Sworn appraisers used their expertise to value personal and household goods, and sworn brokers of household goods could either buy goods from clients and resell them at a profit or sell goods on a consignment basis. Upholders increasingly became sworn appraisers and brokers of household goods in the last forty years of the eighteenth century. As can be seen from the broker’s oath quoted above, the sworn component implicitly implied honesty and fair business dealings as agents between the seller and buyer. At the same time, upholders became more involved in the auction business. Auctioneers were agents between sellers and buyers in a public setting and, although they did not swear an oath, honesty and fair dealing were expected of them, too. These three business lines represented a significant shift from the traditional upholding business model in that they were service-oriented in contrast to the manufacturing and assembly of household goods. Given that upholders sold new household goods, they were in the position of knowing the values of second-hand goods, qualifying them to make appraisals and act as brokers and auctioneers. If upholders were motivated to enter these new business lines, there had to be consumer demand for them. Of course, a growing population would explain part of the increase in demand, but so would an increase in disposable consumer income. Upholders saw appraising, brokering, and auctioneering as a way to supplement their income, but why would a consumer be motivated to use their services? At the same time, why would consumers choose to purchase used goods over new goods?