Climate change significantly affects the quantity, quality, and accessibility of water resources, posing increasing risks to sustainable socio-economic development, ecosystem stability, and water security. This article examines the complex interrelations between climate change and water resource management at global and regional levels. The focus is on the growing frequency and intensity of extreme hydrometeorological events (droughts, floods), disruptions in the hydrological cycle, and water quality degradation, all requiring the adaptation of current management models. Through a review of scientific literature, international policies, and practical case studies, key challenges to sustainable water management are outlined, such as institutional fragmentation, insufficient monitoring, socio-economic vulnerability, and the lack of coordinated adaptation strategies. Proposed solutions are based on Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Nature-based Solutions (NbS), digital technologies (GIS, AI, remote sensing), and policy instruments supporting adaptation and resilience. The article emphasizes the need for a transdisciplinary and holistic approach that combines scientific knowledge, institutional capacity, and stakeholder involvement. The conclusion presents an actionable framework suited to uncertain and dynamic climatic conditions, stressing preventive planning, regional adaptation, and the sustainable use of water resources.