Nature-inspired computing has gained high momentum in solving problems of various domains especially in the field of medical research. Neurological disorders have become a growing concern impacting millions of lives globally. However, nature has always been an inspiration and guide for finding innovative solutions for many critical problems. The use of neural tissue engineering allows for the development of model systems for studying disease mechanisms with disease modelling. In this chapter, we have emphasized certain essential features of the structure–function relationships of CNS. Complexities, engineering and application of cell biology-based CNS models were addressed. We survey most popular nature-inspired algorithms for different diseases such as CNS disorder including Glowworm Swarm Optimization, Genetic Algorithm, Firefly Optimization for diagnosis. At the end, the key open problems of a nature-inspired paradigm and its bright future are concluded.