The emerging studies concerning the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has the potential streamlined processes used in creating modern biomaterials on a large scale and in a safer, more environmentally friendly manner when compared to traditional chemical methods. This chapter aims to systematically describe the different kinds and classes of nanomaterials which include organic, inorganic, carbon, and composites. In addition to explaining the more chemical, physical, and green/biological methods of synthesis. Stronger focus is directed towards biosynthetic methods which involve the use of plants and microorganisms to produce the nanoparticles due to their biosafety and biomedical-advanced multifunctionality. To elucidate size, morphology, and surface chemistry, characterization tools SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, FTIR, BET and DLS are discussed. There is an extensive coverage on the use of nanomaterials in enhanced drug delivery systems, cancer therapy, antimicrobial coatings, functional foods, and chronic diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis. The chapter illustrates the paradigm change nanobiomaterials are creating in the fields of biomedical and nutraceutical sciences through advancements in precision medicine and nanotechnology that enable enhanced and controlled delivery, sustained release, and potentially more effective therapeutic responses. These interdisciplinary advancements integrate material science, biotechnology, and green chemistry which will lead to the development of sustainable solutions for health.