This book explores the intersection of voting rights, language competence and political participation among second- and third-generation Italo-Australian voters. Our interest in this topic was prompted by a key fact; that the estimated 200 million emigrants (and their descendants) from almost 150 countries who have been granted voting rights by their country of origin (Wellman et al., 2023, pp. 898, 910). These voters are mostly temporary and permanent non-residents who have made their homes elsewhere. Many of them can be assumed to possess the language proficiency to participate in elections in the dominant language of the sending country. However, with a growing number of states granting citizenship to the descendants of first generations—Italy being among them—the assumption that subsequent generations possess adequate levels of language competence can no longer be taken for granted. This raises important questions about the obligations entailed upon sending states towards subsequent generations whom they have freely chosen to enfranchise. For sending states, this obligation is often conceived narrowly as the conferral of a legal right to vote. However, full and meaningful enfranchisement also requires certain substantive conditions, of which language proficiency is a minimum requirement.