The conclusion chapter returns to the major research methodological, empirical, and theoretical questions raised in the introduction in light of the ten national case studies. The chapter first assesses to what degree this study met its central goal to conduct a systematic comparative analysis of penality policy in practice. In the next section, a description of what penality policies and outputs look like according to the expert analyses in the country chapters is presented. The third section turns to gender penality policy success and failure. A continuum of penality policy content is proposed, and the cases of penality policy are mapped in terms of the four adapted categories of gender transformation. A comparative analysis of the implementation cases determines whether, how, and why words were turned into deeds in terms of an implementation gap between formal policy content and practice in the fourth section. Four major results about dynamics and determinants of penality success and failure are presented from this comparative analysis. The major propositions are discussed as hypotheses for future research. In the conclusion, the discussion turns to the lessons learned from the study and the future research agenda for the comparative study of penality policy in action.