The CADDIES model, based on Cellular Automata, is adopted to simulate the flood routing and inundation under the observed storm rainfall events and the design rainfall process in the Jinan urban area. Then, with a resilience assessment method based on a system performance method, the flood resilience in each sub-basin of the study area is calculated. The results show that the direction of flooding expansion is mainly from the south to the north, and inundation occurs more frequently in the northern and central regions. The main impact factors of urban resilience are land use, elevation, and average land slope. The spatial distribution of the flood resilience of the Jinan urban area is similar to the flood growth trends. This study clarifies the impact mechanism of urban rainstorms and flood disasters on urban recovery, which can improve urban disaster prevention and mitigation capacity and promote regional sustainable development.