The Hoysaḷas ruled in Southern Karnataka between the tenth and fourteenth centuries AD. Although their earliest rulers patronised only Jain temples or basadis, the first king of the dynasty to make significant territorial gains and establish himself as a supra-regional political power, Viṣṇuvardhana, commissioned a Viṣṇu temple in 1117 AD upon securing his first major military victory at Talakāḍu. He continued, however, to patronize Jain and Śaiva building projects through his subordinates and his senior queen, Śāntalādevi. Inscriptions which record her donative activity tell us that Śāntaladēvi was born to a Śaiva father and a Jain mother, and in her lifetime commissioned a Jain, a Vaiṣṇava, and a Śaiva temple. The inscriptions which record these donations praise her as the guardian or benefactor of the ‘catus-samaya’ or the four practices, namely, Śaivism, Vaiṣṇavism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Śāntaladēvi’s donative activity in multiple religious communities illustrates the coexistence of religions in a single polity and the role royal and elite women had in creating and maintaining networks of religious patronage. However, a close examination of the sources provides glimpses into the tensions that existed between these communities in their bid for royal patronage.

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'Protector of all Practices': The Religious Endowments of a Hoysaḷa Queen

  • Samana Gururaja

摘要

The Hoysaḷas ruled in Southern Karnataka between the tenth and fourteenth centuries AD. Although their earliest rulers patronised only Jain temples or basadis, the first king of the dynasty to make significant territorial gains and establish himself as a supra-regional political power, Viṣṇuvardhana, commissioned a Viṣṇu temple in 1117 AD upon securing his first major military victory at Talakāḍu. He continued, however, to patronize Jain and Śaiva building projects through his subordinates and his senior queen, Śāntalādevi. Inscriptions which record her donative activity tell us that Śāntaladēvi was born to a Śaiva father and a Jain mother, and in her lifetime commissioned a Jain, a Vaiṣṇava, and a Śaiva temple. The inscriptions which record these donations praise her as the guardian or benefactor of the ‘catus-samaya’ or the four practices, namely, Śaivism, Vaiṣṇavism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Śāntaladēvi’s donative activity in multiple religious communities illustrates the coexistence of religions in a single polity and the role royal and elite women had in creating and maintaining networks of religious patronage. However, a close examination of the sources provides glimpses into the tensions that existed between these communities in their bid for royal patronage.