The understanding of logical empiricist philosophy of social science is bedeviled by misrepresentations which continue to dominate how it is characterized by its opponents across the philosophical and political spectrum. This chapter sets out how typical misunderstandings can be avoided and how the critical dimension of the logical empiricist philosophy of social science is readily recovered. Focussing on its main exponent Otto Neurath, the discussion surveys and responds to the main objections which pertain to how science itself is conceived of by him and what it legitimately can pronounce upon. It is shown that Neurath’s conception of physicalism and his encyclopedic version of the unity of science are non-reductive and that his understanding of value-neutrality only bars unconditional value judgments and allows research in the service of a transformative agenda.