Environmental contamination has become a global concern, with the planet facing numerous related issues. Human-driven activities like urban expansion, technological progress, unsafe agricultural methods, and fast-paced industrialization are significantly accelerating pollution levels. Owing to the proliferation of dangerous pollutants and manmade chemicals into ecosystems during the last 25 years, novel approaches of mitigation and restoration have become necessary. Because of their non-natural existence, these substances are resilient, endangering the health of both people and environment. Various physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been employed to address this global issue. Although physico-chemical approaches have demonstrated several drawbacks, viz., the production and disposal of sludge, low efficacy, high treatment costs, and it’s potential to contribute to environmental contamination, biological treatments have emerged as a great boon. Of which, bioremediation processes are currently attracting increasing attention from both the scientific and industrial groups of researchers. A significant alternative solution to challenges is the use of microorganisms. In this scenario, microbes take center stage as they demonstrate their capacity to catalyze environmental rehabilitation through biodegradation. Bacteria, fungi, and algae have all been employed extensively to degrade or remove diverse environmental contaminants. Moreover, different microorganisms have been used to remove toxic chemicals from polluted environments, and the results revealed that microbial treatment was highly efficient, even at the laboratory level. Even though the efficacy of the microbial process is well established, further investigation is required before scaling up. The quest for novel bioremediation enzymes and the enhancement of existing ones through genetic engineering constitutes another crucial tactic. In this chapter, the role of microbes in pollution and waste treatment is explored, along with recent developments in microbial remediation strategies aimed at preserving ecological stability.