To address the current research gap in large-scale monitoring of surface deformation in Jinan City, this paper proposes an improved SBAS-InSAR technique with optimized GCP selection for conducting comprehensive, long-term surface deformation monitoring across key areas of Jinan. Based on the monitoring results, the subsidence patterns were delineated, and systematic analyses were performed on the spatiotemporal characteristics and causative factors of subsidence in selected typical areas. The findings reveal that (1) Jinan’s main urban area exhibits a subsidence pattern with greater settlement in western and northern sectors compared to lower rates in eastern and southern regions, while the overall deformation rates indicate relative surface stability across the study area and (2) the causes of surface subsidence in typical areas include railway operation, old urban area demolition and reconstruction, construction activities, groundwater extraction, subway construction, and soil erosion.