Rug pull schemes vary structurally in their methods and in how blockchains shape their economic profiles. We measure how rug pulls operate across six blockchains: Solana, Polygon, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Ethereum, and BNB Smart Chain. Each chain shows distinct execution patterns, not just in scam rate but in how capital enters and exits. Solana records the highest rug pull density (55% of all tokens flagged) and the shortest liquidity lifespans. Most pools live for less than an hour, yet 71% yield net gains for their creators. The remove-to-add liquidity ratios in Solana exceed 1.0, compared to other chains. Avalanche shows fewer scams but deeper capital engagement, averaging 227 liquidity additions per rug-pulled token. Ethereum anchors cross-chain flows but exhibits the lowest attacker profitability. Post-removal traces reveal structured use of bridges like Wormhole and Stargate. Stablecoins (USDC, USDT) dominate bridge activity, enabling fast, high-liquidity exits. Solana tokens show bridged values exceeding one quadrillion USD, signaling pricing anomalies absent in legitimate pools. We define ten observed patterns, including atomic drains, fake-volume deployments, non-interactive exits, and bridge laundering. Our analysis relies on data from thousands of tokens and pools without external labels, exposing execution-layer asymmetries shaped by liquidity management design, gas friction, and interoperability channels.

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The Economics of Deception: Structural Patterns of Rug Pull Across DeFi Blockchains

  • Bhavani Kalal,
  • Abdulrahman Alhaidari,
  • Balaji Palanisamy,
  • Shamik Sural

摘要

Rug pull schemes vary structurally in their methods and in how blockchains shape their economic profiles. We measure how rug pulls operate across six blockchains: Solana, Polygon, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Ethereum, and BNB Smart Chain. Each chain shows distinct execution patterns, not just in scam rate but in how capital enters and exits. Solana records the highest rug pull density (55% of all tokens flagged) and the shortest liquidity lifespans. Most pools live for less than an hour, yet 71% yield net gains for their creators. The remove-to-add liquidity ratios in Solana exceed 1.0, compared to other chains. Avalanche shows fewer scams but deeper capital engagement, averaging 227 liquidity additions per rug-pulled token. Ethereum anchors cross-chain flows but exhibits the lowest attacker profitability. Post-removal traces reveal structured use of bridges like Wormhole and Stargate. Stablecoins (USDC, USDT) dominate bridge activity, enabling fast, high-liquidity exits. Solana tokens show bridged values exceeding one quadrillion USD, signaling pricing anomalies absent in legitimate pools. We define ten observed patterns, including atomic drains, fake-volume deployments, non-interactive exits, and bridge laundering. Our analysis relies on data from thousands of tokens and pools without external labels, exposing execution-layer asymmetries shaped by liquidity management design, gas friction, and interoperability channels.