Material Absence of Fathers and Life in Johannesburg
摘要
Migration between Zimbabwe and South Africa has created new gender roles regardless of the institutionalization of patriarchy and its entanglement with the colonial machinations of capitalism. Gender is renegotiated from the start of the migration journey and influences migrant women’s experiences of transnationalism. In Johannesburg, migrant Zimbabwean women reconfigure family dynamics as a way of managing hushamwari and kuhanyisana within the migrant community. The phenomenon of missing and absent fathers contributes to the factors that push Zimbabwean women to engage in transmigration as a way of providing for their families. Back in Zimbabwe, affairs are handled through transnational mothering and remittances sent through omalayitsha. Due to this reconfiguration of gender norms, male relations use intimate partner violence and other ways of intimidation as a way of reclaiming their masculinity lost due to economic subordination to income earning women.