This chapter examines the historical and contemporary role of railways in Sudan’s economic and social development. It traces the evolution of Sudan Railways from its colonial inception in the nineteenth century through periods of expansion, decline, and revitalization efforts. The analysis highlights how railways facilitated trade integration, agricultural development (notably the Gezira Scheme), industrialization, and job creation while fostering urbanization and national identity. The study also addresses systemic challenges—including armed conflicts, political disputes, US sanctions, and infrastructure decay—that led to the network’s deterioration since the 1970s. Contemporary initiatives, such as international partnerships and $640 million rehabilitation projects, underscore railways’ enduring potential as catalysts for economic recovery, regional connectivity, and sustainable growth in Sudan. The chapter concludes with strategic recommendations for modernization, governance reform, and cross-border integration to restore railways as pillars of national development.