Concerns about modernity often stem from the belief that humans have evolved to suit past environments, and that anything new is therefore unnatural. This view, which supports a socially conservative mindset, is bolstered by psychology’s biological reductionism, which frames human behaviour as being determined by genes and biology. This perspective can be used to pathologise everything from high-fat diets and sedentary lifestyles to women in the workplace, homosexuality, and the use of smartphones. The ‘nature’ side of the nature-nurture debate is invoked in arguments in favour of personal responsibility and fixed social hierarchies. This reliance on evolutionary principles can be seen as somewhat ironic, as some of its staunchest proponents are religious fundamentalists who deny the theory of evolution itself.