The human nervous system, with its intricate network of neurons and supporting cells, governs every sensation, thought, and action. Understanding its structure is fundamental to medical science and in clinical practice. Neuroanatomy and neurohistology deal with the anatomical divisions and microscopic architecture of the complex nervous system and serve as the gateway to this vast domain of complexity. It introduces the types of neurons and neuroglia, the structural differences between gray and white matter, and the fundamental histological features observed under the microscope. By establishing a clear connection between neuronal structure and function, this chapter provides a solid foundation to explore higher neural functions and associated clinical conditions in subsequent sections of neuroscience education. The primary focus of this chapter is to familiarize medical graduates, researchers, and clinicians with the basic organization of the central and peripheral nervous systems, identify key neural structures, and comprehend the cellular components that make up nervous tissue.