With the growing prevalence of digital information, robust image encryption has become critical to safeguarding sensitive data from unauthorized access. This paper proposes a novel quantum-enhanced image encryption framework that integrates multi-chaotic dynamics—specifically the Quantum Logistic Map (QLM), Quantum Tent Map (QTM), and Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) to establish a resilient security model. The scheme combines pixel-level diffusion and permutation, featuring adaptive key generation tightly coupled with the original image data. QLM and QTM produce pseudorandom sequences for encryption keys, while QCA efficiently shuffle pixel values. Extensive simulation results and theoretical analysis confirm the framework’s strong security performance, highlighting its potential for securing data in future quantum communication networks and post-quantum.