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We define outliers as a set of observations that contradicts the proposed mathematical (statistical) model, and we discuss the frequently observed types of outliers. Further, we explore what changes in the model have to be made to avoid the occurrence of the outliers. We observe that some variants of the outliers lead to classical results in probability, such as the law of large numbers and the concept of heavy-tailed distributions.

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Outliers and Related Problems

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Lev B. Klebanov,
  • Jaromír Antoch,
  • Ashot V. Kakosyan

摘要

We define outliers as a set of observations that contradicts the proposed mathematical (statistical) model, and we discuss the frequently observed types of outliers. Further, we explore what changes in the model have to be made to avoid the occurrence of the outliers. We observe that some variants of the outliers lead to classical results in probability, such as the law of large numbers and the concept of heavy-tailed distributions.