This chapter explores environmental determinants influencing land surface temperature (LST) in the Kolkata Urban Agglomeration (KUA). We categorized the determinants as surface variables (such as fractional vegetation cover, normalized difference vegetation index, built-up height, sky view factors, impervious surfaces, and population density) and atmospheric variables (such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), sulfur dioxide, cardon dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide) for finding the dominant determinants, which are not frequently selected in contemporary LST studies. We unfolded different developmental zones and tried to determine whether there are any differential effects of selected determinants upon LST. Our results show that impervious surfaces, such as roads and buildings, significantly impacted LST, with areas with a higher density of impervious surfaces showing higher LST. Reduced sky view leads to higher net heat storage within buildings and exacerbates the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Air pollutants like NO2, SO2, and CO correlate positively with nighttime LST. The findings emphasize the importance of careful urbanization and economic development planning to mitigate the UHI effect and reduce LST.