The microbial-mediated remediation of petroleum and hydrocarbons in Antarctic environments involves the utilization of indigenous microorganisms to degrade harmful pollutants. Increased human activity has increased the risk of hydrocarbon spills in Antarctica. Microbial communities, mainly bacteria and fungi, play crucial roles in breaking down complex hydrocarbons through various metabolic processes and synergistic interactions between bacterial communities enhance the overall effectiveness. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi have been identified as key players in the degradation of petroleum compounds. Bacterial communities generally present higher degradation efficiencies at cold temperatures than single bacteria. Potential threats of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs have aroused the interest of polar scientists and member nations of the Antarctic Treaty System, which has led to the growth of research into bioremediation approaches. Ongoing research is critical to understanding microbial interactions and optimizing bioremediation strategies tailored to extreme weather conditions and remoteness. This chapter will provide an overview of the Antarctic oil spills and current information on the use of cold-environment microorganisms as bioremediation strains for petroleum-derived compounds.