In this chapter, I discuss the major threats to biodiversity and describe conservation strategies that aim to halt or reverse biodiversity loss. First, I discuss commonly used measures of genetic diversity and then explain how diversity may be lost in small populations due to genetic drift and inbreeding. This loss of diversity can have catastrophic consequences, potentially leading to population extinction. The chapter explores various conservation strategies that aim to preserve genetic diversity, such as genetic rescue and off-site conservation for animals and seed banks for plants. I finally describe a conservation project to save the Burmese roofed turtle in which I was involved. This case study highlights the complexity of decision-making in conservation and the need to involve multiple stakeholders.