This chapter examines the emergence of a spontaneous dialectic across ancient Chinese and Indian traditions, considering both its foundational concepts and distinctive features. It begins by exploring Chinese thought, particularly the Yin–Yang school and Taoist philosophy, which underscore the interdependence of opposites and the dynamic interplay of natural forces in the pursuit of harmony. The discussion then shifts to ancient India, analysing the dialectical mode of thought within both the orthodox (Āstika) and heterodox (Nāstika) schools of philosophy. Special emphasis is placed on the multifaceted role of negation, illuminating its diverse applications and profound philosophical implications for shaping Indian dialectic. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the Chinese and Indian traditions, highlighting the overarching themes and distinctive strategies that characterise the development of early forms of dialectical thought in these two civilisations.