Chapter 6 analyzes foreign trade regulation as a key arena where the structural power of multinational traders shapes policy outcomes, focusing on export duties, proposals to expand state control over grain trade, and the use of export permits (ROEs). It argues that traders’ control of port infrastructure, logistics, and client relationships in major markets gives them the ability to threaten export flows and foreign currency earnings, thereby constraining what governments can credibly attempt—even under left‑of‑center administrations. Through a reconstruction of the 2008 conflict over export taxes, the failure of projects to re‑nationalize grain trade, and the evolving politics of export permit allocations, the chapter shows that while the Kirchner governments could tax producers heavily and sometimes shift rents toward consumers, they could not impose deeper reforms on traders, whose structural power varied with macroeconomic conditions but consistently blocked greater state control over trade.