Plasticizers are substances frequently added to products such as plastics, rubber, film coatings, paints, and varnishes to enhance their properties and usability. They are produced worldwide in large quantities and can be found in various environmental media. Several classes of chemically distinct substances are used for multiple application areas. Humans are exposed directly through environmental media and also from food intake. Therefore, a brief description of the chemical-physical characteristics and usage patterns of various plasticizers, their primary health risks and toxicokinetic properties, as well as references to further scientific literature, is provided. The primary objective is to present the occurrence in detail in human matrices, such as blood, urine, and breast milk. For this background, detailed information is given on phthalates, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), adipates, terephthalates, citrates, trimellitates, sebacates, and chlorinated paraffins.