This chapter examined the transformative potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in advancing modern food and agricultural systems, with a particular emphasis on enhancing food sustainability. It explored how innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), robotics, blockchain, and big data analytics are enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in food systems. The chapter also explores how these technologies contribute to increased food availability, improved resource use, and adaptive strategies under changing climatic conditions. Despite significant advancements, challenges persist, including infrastructure gaps, high costs, limited digital literacy, and governance issues. The need for inclusive design, ethical data practices, financing models, and targeted policy support was emphasized. Emerging areas such as explainable AI, cross-technology integration, and digital twin applications, especially in underserved regions and crops, represent critical directions for future research. When implemented responsibly and inclusively, these technologies offer powerful tools to accelerate the transition toward resilient, efficient, and more sustainable food production and supply chains.