Recently, impressive progress has been made in understanding the etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in renal diseases in pediatric patients. Research shows that current treatment methods can be useful if they are applied to the early stages of the disease and sensitive early biomarkers are identified. In this regard, an important role would be played by the evaluation of cytokines at the onset and clinical-evolutionary stages of the pathology. Highlighting the peculiarities of the biohumoral system as well as some practical aspects of diagnosis, treatment, medical and surgical resolution in children with congenital renal and urinary tract anomalies (CRUA). Clinical, imaging, biochemical, pathomorphological, immunohistochemical predictors were evaluated in 100 patients aged 0–18 years with CRUA, including 35 - with congenital hydronephrosis (HN), 45 - with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and 20 - with megaureterohydronephrosis (MUH). The comparison group consisted of 100 practically healthy children. The paraclinical examination included the assessment of specially selected serum biomarkers - IL-6 and TNF-α. Results increase in the number of children with CRUA in recent decades, as well as the serum level of IL-6 by 2–4 times and TNF-α by 2 times and more compared to the control group, was demonstrated. The obtained data reveal the informativeness and high value of estimating the serum level of IL-6 and TNF-a CRUA and which can be used as sensitive biomarkers, valuable in assessing the activity of the inflammatory process but also the effectiveness of the applied treatment.