This chapter covers cybercrime and its growing impact in the digital era. Students learn how people and organizations are targeted in real-world cyberattacks. The chapter classifies amateurs, hacktivists, cybercriminals, and state-sponsored entities and examines their goals and tactics. Personally identifiable information (PII), protected health information (PHI), and personal security information (PSI) theft are among the effects of these attacks. Students explore IoT device vulnerabilities and how they are used to launch large-scale attacks. The Wi-Fi honeypot attack, Colonial Pipeline malware, and Stuxnet nation-state threats demonstrate cyber threat progression. This chapter examines how cyber espionage affects national security and international affairs. Readers will understand cybersecurity breaches’ economic, sociological, and political effects by studying analysis and examples. Proactive defense tactics, including digital ethics, privacy, and safeguarding, are stressed throughout the chapter. This introduces students to cybersecurity basics and prepares them for advanced technical and strategic questions.