The safety of fresh agricultural products is related to public health and social stability, so it is very important to build an efficient safety supervision mechanism and traceability system. Due to the lack of transparency of information, easy tampering of data, broken traceability chain and other issues, the traditional supervision model has been unable to meet the needs of the current complex market environment, and the blockchain technology provides an innovative solution for the safety supervision of fresh agricultural products with its unique advantages of decentralization, non tampering and traceability. Based on the above conditions, this paper deeply studies and designs a set of comprehensive safety supervision mechanism and traceability system of fresh agricultural products based on blockchain Technology. The data link enables transparent sharing and accurate tracing of information throughout the process, Through system analysis and verification, the design scheme can effectively improve the safety monitoring level of fresh agricultural products, enhance consumer trust and provide strong technical support for the quality and safety of fresh agricultural products. At the same time, the system has important practical significance and theoretical value for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of fresh agricultural products industry.