Neurobiological models of dissociation, such as the defence cascade model and the cortico-limbic disconnection model, propose that dissociation is associated with a blunting of autonomic arousal and increased prefrontal control of limbic activity. Over time, these models have been revised and extended to account for the dynamic interplay of large-scale brain networks and brain stem regions. Neuroimaging studies have provided evidence for alterations in dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortical brain areas, superior frontal regions, (anterior) cingulate, posterior association areas, and basal ganglia in individuals with high levels of dissociation. Findings suggest that dissociation is associated with alterations in brain networks implicated in emotion processing, cognitive control and arousal modulation, self-referential processing, interoception, body representation, and the filtering, processing, and integration of sensory input. However, results are still quite diverse, cover a wide range of clusters in the brain, and could not always be replicated. Findings from psychophysiological studies have been mixed and mostly inconclusive. Associations with dissociation may be non-linear and the effects of different dissociative symptoms in specific diagnostic groups should be investigated more closely. State and trait dissociation may have different or even opposite neurobiological correlates which needs to be investigated more closely.