In the Jewish community of Constantinople at the beginning of the sixteenth century, a significant group of scholars was interested in mathematics. Among them, Rabbi Elijah Mizrahi emerged as a prominent figure, contributing a significant work titled Sefer ha-Mispar (The Book of Number), an arithmetic book published in Constantinople in 1534. An abridged edition with Latin annotations was printed in Basel several years later. It continued to arouse interest even in the nineteenth century when the abridged version was reprinted, and scholars began writing about it. This paper aims to illuminate the unique characteristics of Mizrahi’s book, including his particular way of presenting the various topics and the theorems’ argumentation, using examples from different chapters. Furthermore, it will present Mizrahi’s didactic perspectives on mathematics instruction, as evidenced in his book. The topics explored in this paper hold particular relevance for today’s scholars and students of mathematics education. They provide a historical perspective on the evolution of mathematics teaching across generations. They offer a valuable opportunity to compare the views on mathematics teaching then and now and appreciate the enduring value of Mizrahi’s contributions.